非谓语动词的用法
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式,动名词,和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。
1)、不定式
时态/语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
进行式 to be dong 无
2)、动名词
时态/语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
3)、分词
时态/语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
否定形式: not +不定式, not + 动名词, not + 现在分词
注:1.动词不定式的一般式:所表示的动作常发生在谓语动词的动作之后或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行;
动词不定式进行式:所表示的动作正在进行;
动词不定式完成式:所表示的动作则在谓语动词的动作之前发生。
2.动词ing的一般式:所表示的动作在谓语动词之前、后或同时进行要看语境;
动词ing的完成式:所表示的动作在谓语动词之前发生。
He came here to borrow a book.
I pretended to be reading when mother came in.
She is said to have been sent to Europe on business
Being a student, he was interested in books.
Having done his homework, he went to bed.
The question being discussed is important.
非谓语动词主要的句法功能一览表:
非谓语动词 功能
主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语
不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √
动名词 √ √ √ √ 极少
分词 √ √ √ √
1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)
(2)动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验)
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)
(3)不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2.不定式和动名词作宾语的区别
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词作直接宾语,但有些动词要求:
(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语
afford, agree, arrange, choose, decide, hope, expect, offer, plan, promise, determine, demand, manage, fail, prepare, refuse, pretend, seem
hope; wish; want ; agree; promise demand; ask; refuse manage; learn; decide
pretend ; choose
want ; refuse ; order need; try ; learn expect ; agree ; help hope ; wish ; decide ; begin ;start
2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补:动词+宾语+动词不定式
ask要求,邀请 get请,得到 prompt促使
allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢,宁愿
announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使
bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求
assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定,表示
advise劝告 exhort告诫,勉励 pray请求
command命令 intend想要,企图 show 显示
drive驱赶 mean意欲,打算 train训练
cause引起 instruct指示 require要求
deserve应受 leave使,让 tell告诉
direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱
entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫
enable使能够 need需要 urge激励,力说
encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要
condemn指责,谴责 lead引起,使得 teach教
entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望
(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语
admit, advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practice, suggest, stop, can’t stand, can’t help, be worth
例如:I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。
(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别
以下的动词后面既可接动词的不定式又可以接动词的ing作宾语:
hate, love , prefer , remember , forget, regret , like ,try , stop , begin , start
3.不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别
(1)不定式作表语
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做两件事等于未做。
What i would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。
2)如果主语是不定式(表示条件),表语也是不定式(表示结果)。
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living.工作就是为了生活。
3)如果主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, happiness, job, plan, problem, purpose, thing, wish等为中心的名词,或以what引导的名词性从句,不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.
(2)动名词作表语:动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。
Our work is serving the people.我们的工作是为人民服务。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。
(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同,但其所属结构迥异,进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语,说明主语的性质或情况。
His victory in the final was no more convincing than i had expected. (3)分词作表语
分词做表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词做表语,一种是过去分词做表语,这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如excite, interest等都是及物动词,汉语意思不是“激动”,“高兴”,而是“使激动”、“使高兴”,因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”,过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说,若人对……感兴趣,就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时,就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有:
interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的
exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的
worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的
travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲劳。
the argument is very convincing.他的论点很令人信服。
they were very excited at the news.听到这个消息,他们非常激动。
4.不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别
(1)不定式作定语
1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系
He was the last one to leave school yesterday.昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。
The train to arrive was from London.将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。
2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系
Get him something to eat.给他拿点儿东西吃。
She has a lot of work to do in the morning.早上他有很多工作要做。
3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去。
I need a pen to write with.我需要一支笔写字。
There is nothing to worry about.没有什么值得发愁的。
4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如:
ability能力,本领 drive赶,驾驶 movement运动,活动
ambition抱负,野心 effort努力,尝试 need需要,需求
campaign战役,运动 failure失败,不及格 opportunity机会
chance机会 force力,压力,要点 promise许诺,希望
courage勇气 intention意向,意图 reason理由,原因
decision决定 method方法,方式 light光,光线,亮光
determination决心,决定 motive动机,目的 struggle奋斗,努力,
tendency倾向,趋势 wish希望,愿望,祝愿
5)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, second, last, only和not a,the等限定词时候,只能用不定式。
6)不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。
John will do anything but work on a farm.除了农活,约翰什么都愿意干。
7)如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语,或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语,则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如: tend to do---tendency to do;decide to do = decision to do;be curious to do = curiosity to do
His wish to buy a car came true.他要买辆车的愿望实现了。
Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us.
他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
他总是第一个到来,最后一个离去。
(2)分词作定语
分词作定语时有下面几个特点:
1)现在分词表示主动意义,正在进行;
2)过去分词一般表示被动含意,状态或做完(完成)的事。
He rushed into the burning house.他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
The child standing over there is my brother.站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。
The room facing south is our classroom.朝南的房间是我们的教室。
Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗?
He is an advanced teacher.他是个先进教师。
3)-ing作定语 动名词①多位于其前表示其性能、用途(无时间性可换为for+doing)
He has a reading room. a sleeping car(a car for sleeping)
现在分词②表正在进行(主谓关系)即主动进行,可换为定语从句;
The girl gathering flowers is beautiful.
The question being discussed now is important.
过去分词作定语有(动宾关系,表完成)即被动完成,可换为定语从句。
We can see a lot of fallen leaves on the ground.
(We can see a lot of leaves which have fallen on the ground. )
4)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义,这点要注意:
作定语的不及物动词分词形式为:v �ing 和过去分词。v �ing表示正在进行;过去分词表示已经完成。如:
falling leaves 正落的叶子 fallen leaves 落下的叶子
boiling water 正沸腾的水 boiled water 沸腾过的水(白开水)
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系
一般来说,不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后;
Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?
你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗?
现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;
Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗?
过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,或是没有一定的时间性。 Have you read the novel written by dickens ?
5.作宾补时,三者的区别
(1)有些动词接不定式作宾补:(和宾语有主谓关系强调动作将发生或已经完成;表一次性动作)
①tell/ order/ persuade/ invite/ force /warn / encourage/ get/ ask + sb. to do
He asked me to finish it in time. the teacher told me to clean the blackboard.
②feel(一感); hear/ listen to(二听); have / make/ let(三使);see/ watch/ observe/ notice/ look at/ find (六看) + sb do等感官使役动词后不定式作宾补省略to,但被动以后要还原to.
I heard him call me several times. I heard her sing the song many times. Tom was made to sing.
(2)有些动词接ing作宾补: feel(一感); hear/ listen to(二听); have /get / leave/keep (四使);see/ watch/ observe/ notice/ look at/ find (六看) +sb. doing (强调动作主动,正在进行,或尚未完成;延续性动词)
I found her listening to the radio. I heard her singing the song when I passed her room.
(3)有些动词接过去分词作宾补:feel(一感); hear/ listen to(二听); make/ let /get/ have/ leave/ keep/ (六使);see/ watch/ observe/ notice/ look at/ find (六看) +sb. done (表动作被动完成,多强调状态)
Speak louder so that you can make yourself heard. We found the village greatly changed.
I heard the song sung in English many times.
(4)不带to的不定式
下列动词后在主动语态中用不带to 的不定式作补语,但在被动语态中要加上to:
它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”――5看(look at, see, watch, notice, observe);3使(make, let, have);2听(listen to, hear);1感觉(fell)。以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语补足语(5+3+2+1-2+4):即以上动词除let, make 外都可以用现在分词作宾语补足语,此外find, catch, keep, have 也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。
He was caught stealing. I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.
(注): ①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时.其后的不定式一般需带to,如:
He was seen to come.
The boy was made to go to bed early.
②在动词find与help之后,不定式可带to亦可不带to,如:
He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season.他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏,感到惊讶。
(5)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)结构中。例如:
Last night I did nothing but watch TV.昨天晚上,我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。
但是,如果谓语动词不是“do nothing,anything,everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.医生除了让他戒烟,其它什么都没有说。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.除了保持沉默以外,他们没有别有别的办法。
6.不定式和分词作状语的区别
(1)现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
a.分词作状语的基本原则
分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。
分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系,否则不能使用分词作状语。
b.分词作状语的句法功能
分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while 或when 引出。
1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。
He went out shutting the door behind him.
他出去后将门随手关上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。
2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服。
(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别
1)分词作状语一般表示伴随,而不定式常常表示目的。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)
2)分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因。
Reading attentively,he forgot the time for lunch.由于在专心读书,他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)
Reading carefully,he found something he had not known before.他仔细读书时,发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)
Reading carefully,you'll learn something new.只要你仔细阅读,你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)
His family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活。(结果)
We are glad to hear the news.我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)
(3)下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的:
a:not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义
b:做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾,常见的不定式动词有:find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。
c:不定式做状语时,其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语,否则用for引导主语。
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式,动名词,和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。
1)、不定式
时态/语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
进行式 to be dong 无
2)、动名词
时态/语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
3)、分词
时态/语态 主动 被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
否定形式: not +不定式, not + 动名词, not + 现在分词
注:1.动词不定式的一般式:所表示的动作常发生在谓语动词的动作之后或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行;
动词不定式进行式:所表示的动作正在进行;
动词不定式完成式:所表示的动作则在谓语动词的动作之前发生。
2.动词ing的一般式:所表示的动作在谓语动词之前、后或同时进行要看语境;
动词ing的完成式:所表示的动作在谓语动词之前发生。
He came here to borrow a book.
I pretended to be reading when mother came in.
She is said to have been sent to Europe on business
Being a student, he was interested in books.
Having done his homework, he went to bed.
The question being discussed is important.
非谓语动词主要的句法功能一览表:
非谓语动词 功能
主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语
不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √
动名词 √ √ √ √ 极少
分词 √ √ √ √
1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)
(2)动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验)
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)
(3)不定式做主语,一般用it当形式主语,把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2.不定式和动名词作宾语的区别
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式,也可跟动名词作直接宾语,但有些动词要求:
(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语
afford, agree, arrange, choose, decide, hope, expect, offer, plan, promise, determine, demand, manage, fail, prepare, refuse, pretend, seem
hope; wish; want ; agree; promise demand; ask; refuse manage; learn; decide
pretend ; choose
want ; refuse ; order need; try ; learn expect ; agree ; help hope ; wish ; decide ; begin ;start
2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补:动词+宾语+动词不定式
ask要求,邀请 get请,得到 prompt促使
allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢,宁愿
announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使
bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求
assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定,表示
advise劝告 exhort告诫,勉励 pray请求
command命令 intend想要,企图 show 显示
drive驱赶 mean意欲,打算 train训练
cause引起 instruct指示 require要求
deserve应受 leave使,让 tell告诉
direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱
entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫
enable使能够 need需要 urge激励,力说
encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要
condemn指责,谴责 lead引起,使得 teach教
entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望
(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语
admit, advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practice, suggest, stop, can’t stand, can’t help, be worth
例如:I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。
(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别
以下的动词后面既可接动词的不定式又可以接动词的ing作宾语:
hate, love , prefer , remember , forget, regret , like ,try , stop , begin , start
3.不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别
(1)不定式作表语
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做两件事等于未做。
What i would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。
2)如果主语是不定式(表示条件),表语也是不定式(表示结果)。
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living.工作就是为了生活。
3)如果主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, happiness, job, plan, problem, purpose, thing, wish等为中心的名词,或以what引导的名词性从句,不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.
(2)动名词作表语:动名词作表语,表示抽象的一般性的行为。
Our work is serving the people.我们的工作是为人民服务。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。
(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同,但其所属结构迥异,进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语,说明主语的性质或情况。
His victory in the final was no more convincing than i had expected. (3)分词作表语
分词做表语有两种情况,一种是现在分词做表语,一种是过去分词做表语,这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词如excite, interest等都是及物动词,汉语意思不是“激动”,“高兴”,而是“使激动”、“使高兴”,因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”,过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以,凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式,凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说,若人对……感兴趣,就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时,就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有:
interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的
exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的
worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的
travelling is interesting but tiring.旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲劳。
the argument is very convincing.他的论点很令人信服。
they were very excited at the news.听到这个消息,他们非常激动。
4.不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别
(1)不定式作定语
1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系
He was the last one to leave school yesterday.昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。
The train to arrive was from London.将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。
2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系
Get him something to eat.给他拿点儿东西吃。
She has a lot of work to do in the morning.早上他有很多工作要做。
3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去。
I need a pen to write with.我需要一支笔写字。
There is nothing to worry about.没有什么值得发愁的。
4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如:
ability能力,本领 drive赶,驾驶 movement运动,活动
ambition抱负,野心 effort努力,尝试 need需要,需求
campaign战役,运动 failure失败,不及格 opportunity机会
chance机会 force力,压力,要点 promise许诺,希望
courage勇气 intention意向,意图 reason理由,原因
decision决定 method方法,方式 light光,光线,亮光
determination决心,决定 motive动机,目的 struggle奋斗,努力,
tendency倾向,趋势 wish希望,愿望,祝愿
5)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, second, last, only和not a,the等限定词时候,只能用不定式。
6)不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。
John will do anything but work on a farm.除了农活,约翰什么都愿意干。
7)如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语,或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语,则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如: tend to do---tendency to do;decide to do = decision to do;be curious to do = curiosity to do
His wish to buy a car came true.他要买辆车的愿望实现了。
Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us.
他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
他总是第一个到来,最后一个离去。
(2)分词作定语
分词作定语时有下面几个特点:
1)现在分词表示主动意义,正在进行;
2)过去分词一般表示被动含意,状态或做完(完成)的事。
He rushed into the burning house.他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
The child standing over there is my brother.站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。
The room facing south is our classroom.朝南的房间是我们的教室。
Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗?
He is an advanced teacher.他是个先进教师。
3)-ing作定语 动名词①多位于其前表示其性能、用途(无时间性可换为for+doing)
He has a reading room. a sleeping car(a car for sleeping)
现在分词②表正在进行(主谓关系)即主动进行,可换为定语从句;
The girl gathering flowers is beautiful.
The question being discussed now is important.
过去分词作定语有(动宾关系,表完成)即被动完成,可换为定语从句。
We can see a lot of fallen leaves on the ground.
(We can see a lot of leaves which have fallen on the ground. )
4)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义,这点要注意:
作定语的不及物动词分词形式为:v �ing 和过去分词。v �ing表示正在进行;过去分词表示已经完成。如:
falling leaves 正落的叶子 fallen leaves 落下的叶子
boiling water 正沸腾的水 boiled water 沸腾过的水(白开水)
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系
一般来说,不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后;
Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?
你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗?
现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;
Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗?
过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,或是没有一定的时间性。 Have you read the novel written by dickens ?
5.作宾补时,三者的区别
(1)有些动词接不定式作宾补:(和宾语有主谓关系强调动作将发生或已经完成;表一次性动作)
①tell/ order/ persuade/ invite/ force /warn / encourage/ get/ ask + sb. to do
He asked me to finish it in time. the teacher told me to clean the blackboard.
②feel(一感); hear/ listen to(二听); have / make/ let(三使);see/ watch/ observe/ notice/ look at/ find (六看) + sb do等感官使役动词后不定式作宾补省略to,但被动以后要还原to.
I heard him call me several times. I heard her sing the song many times. Tom was made to sing.
(2)有些动词接ing作宾补: feel(一感); hear/ listen to(二听); have /get / leave/keep (四使);see/ watch/ observe/ notice/ look at/ find (六看) +sb. doing (强调动作主动,正在进行,或尚未完成;延续性动词)
I found her listening to the radio. I heard her singing the song when I passed her room.
(3)有些动词接过去分词作宾补:feel(一感); hear/ listen to(二听); make/ let /get/ have/ leave/ keep/ (六使);see/ watch/ observe/ notice/ look at/ find (六看) +sb. done (表动作被动完成,多强调状态)
Speak louder so that you can make yourself heard. We found the village greatly changed.
I heard the song sung in English many times.
(4)不带to的不定式
下列动词后在主动语态中用不带to 的不定式作补语,但在被动语态中要加上to:
它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”――5看(look at, see, watch, notice, observe);3使(make, let, have);2听(listen to, hear);1感觉(fell)。以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语补足语(5+3+2+1-2+4):即以上动词除let, make 外都可以用现在分词作宾语补足语,此外find, catch, keep, have 也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语。
He was caught stealing. I’m sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.
(注): ①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时.其后的不定式一般需带to,如:
He was seen to come.
The boy was made to go to bed early.
②在动词find与help之后,不定式可带to亦可不带to,如:
He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season.他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏,感到惊讶。
(5)在do nothing/anything/everything but(except)结构中。例如:
Last night I did nothing but watch TV.昨天晚上,我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。
但是,如果谓语动词不是“do nothing,anything,everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.医生除了让他戒烟,其它什么都没有说。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.除了保持沉默以外,他们没有别有别的办法。
6.不定式和分词作状语的区别
(1)现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
a.分词作状语的基本原则
分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。
分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系,否则不能使用分词作状语。
b.分词作状语的句法功能
分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while 或when 引出。
1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。
He went out shutting the door behind him.
他出去后将门随手关上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。
2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服。
(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别
1)分词作状语一般表示伴随,而不定式常常表示目的。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)
2)分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因。
Reading attentively,he forgot the time for lunch.由于在专心读书,他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)
Reading carefully,he found something he had not known before.他仔细读书时,发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)
Reading carefully,you'll learn something new.只要你仔细阅读,你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)
His family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活。(结果)
We are glad to hear the news.我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)
(3)下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的:
a:not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义
b:做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾,常见的不定式动词有:find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。
c:不定式做状语时,其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语,否则用for引导主语。